Phytogeographical Regions of India Notes By Rohit Jirobe

-

 

According to the classification proposed by Debabrata Chatterjee (1962), India is divided into nine major phytogeographical regions based on variations in climate, vegetation, altitude and floristic composition.

Phytogeographical Regions of India (D. Chatterjee, 1962)

India possesses a great diversity of plant life due to differences in geographical conditions such as climate, rainfall, soil type and altitude. To understand the distribution pattern of plants, phytogeographers have divided India into different regions. One of the important classifications was proposed by Debabrata Chatterjee in 1962, who divided India into nine phytogeographical regions.

The first region is the Western Himalayas, which includes Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. This region is characterized by a cold climate and high altitudes. The vegetation mainly consists of temperate and coniferous forests with plants such as Cedrus deodara, Pinus, Abies and Picea. Alpine vegetation occurs at higher elevations.

The Eastern Himalayas form the second region and include Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and parts of North-East India. This region receives heavy rainfall and supports dense evergreen forests. The flora is very rich and diverse with plants such as Rhododendron, Magnolia, Quercus and many orchid species.

The third region is the Assam region, which includes the Brahmaputra valley and surrounding areas of North-East India. Due to high rainfall and humid climate, the vegetation mainly consists of tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. Bamboo and many economically important plants grow abundantly in this region.

The Indus Plain forms another phytogeographical region and includes Punjab, Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat. This region has a dry and semi-arid climate. The vegetation mainly consists of thorny shrubs and xerophytic plants such as Acacia, Prosopis and Capparis.

The Gangetic Plain covers large parts of northern India including Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. This region has fertile alluvial soil and moderate rainfall. The natural vegetation mainly consists of moist deciduous forests with plants such as Shorea robusta, Dalbergia sissoo and Terminalia species.

The Central India region includes Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and surrounding areas. The vegetation mainly consists of tropical dry deciduous forests. Important plant species include teak (Tectona grandis), sal and bamboo.

The Deccan Plateau is another important region covering most parts of southern India. The climate is tropical with moderate rainfall. The vegetation consists mainly of dry deciduous forests and thorn forests with plants such as Butea monosperma, Anogeissus and Hardwickia.

The Malabar or Western Ghats region lies along the western coast of India and is characterized by heavy rainfall and humid climate. This region supports dense tropical evergreen forests and is considered one of the richest biodiversity hotspots in the world. Important plants include Dipterocarpus, Myristica and Hopea.

The ninth region is the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which have a tropical maritime climate. The vegetation mainly consists of dense evergreen forests and mangrove vegetation with plants such as Rhizophora and Bruguiera.

Thus, according to Chatterjee’s classification, India is divided into nine phytogeographical regions, each having distinct climatic conditions and characteristic vegetation. This classification helps in understanding the distribution of plant diversity and plays an important role in ecological studies and biodiversity conservation. 

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

MODE OF REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI (PART-2) Asexual Reproduction

-
Image
 1. Asexual Reproduction The reproduction by spores, is called asexual reproduction . The spores are minute cells that serve as reproductive propagules. Spore production is the most common method of reproduction in fungi. There are four types of asexual spores. They are: 1. Conidia 2. Sporangiospores (Endospores) 3. Chlamydospores 4. Arthospores 1. Conidia (singular-Conidium) a. Conidium is a spore formed freely at the tip or side of hypha.  b. Specialized hyphae having such spores are called conidiophores .  c. The tip of conidiophore swells out and produces a spe-cial cell called sterigma (Plural., Sterigmata).  d. The tip of sterigmata cuts off rounded cells called conidia one by one.  e. The conidia germinate and give rise to new mycelia 2. Sporangiospore a. Sp orangiospore or endospore is a spore formed within a sporangium (plural.,sporangia).  b . A sporangium is a sac-like structure within which asexual spores are produced Specialized hyphae havi...
Read more

MODE OF REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI (Part-3) Sexual Reproduction

-
Image
1. Sexual Reproduction a. The sexual reproduction involves the union of male and female gametes or two gametangia  b. It has three distinct phases. They are plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis. c. The plasmogamy refers to the fusion of two protoplasts that brings two haploid nucle together. d. As a result of plasmogamy a cell containing two haploid nuclei is formed.  e. This cell is known as binucleate cell or dikaryotic cell.  f. The two nuclei residing in that cell are known as a dikaryon.  g. Plasmogamy may be carried out either by gametic union or gametangial contact. h. The next phase is the karyogamy . During karyogamy the two haploid nuclei in a dikaryotic cell fuse together and form diploid nucleus (2N).  I. This nucleus is called a synkaryon . This phase lasts for a short time. It is also known as diplophase. j. Meiosis is the third phase in the sexual reproduction. The diploid nucleus undergoes re-duction division and gives rise to four haploid nucl...
Read more

Oedogonium Structure and Reproduction // Detailed Notes By Rohit Jirobe //

-
Image
Oedogonium Class : Chlorophyceae Order : Odogoniales Family : Odogoniaceae Genus : Oedogonium Oedogonium is a green alga. It is placed in the class Chlorophyceae. This genus was named by Link . Occurrence Oedogonium is widely distributed in freshwater habitats such as ponds, lakes, tanks, mers , etc. The mature filaments are free-floating but the younger ones are attached. They are found attached to stones, woods and to large algae and aquatic angiosperms . There are about 285 species in Oedogonium. Of these, 144 species are found in India . The common Indian species are: Oedogonium nodulosum ,  Oedogonium fragile ,  Oedogonium aquaticum ,  Oedogonium gracilius . Structure Oedogonium is a unbranched filamentous green alga. It is included in the class Chlorophyceae.  It is cosmopolitan in distribution. The plant is a haploid gametophyte . It is a freshwater alga. It is an attached form. It is a filamentous alga. The thallus consists of a long filament and a holdfast...
Read more