Botany with Rohit Jirobe

  An ecosystem can be as small as an oasis in a desert, or as big as an ocean, spanning thousands of miles. There are two types of ecosystem:  Terrestrial Ecosystem  Aquatic Ecosystem Terrestrial Ecosystem Terrestrial ecosystems are exclusively land-based ecosystems. There are different types of terrestrial ecosystems distributed around various geological zones. They are as follows: 1. Forest Ecosystem 2. Grassland Ecosystem 3. Tundra Ecosystem 4. Desert Ecosystem Forest Ecosystem  A forest ecosystem consists of several plants, particularly trees, animals and microorganisms that live in coordination with the abiotic factors of the environment. Forests help in maintaining the temperature of the earth and are the major carbon sink. Grassland Ecosystem  In a grassland ecosystem, the vegetation is dominated by grasses and herbs.Temperate grasslands and tropical or savanna grasslands are examples of grassland ecosystems. Tundra Ecosystem  Tundra ecosystems are devoid of...

 Ecosystem  “An ecosystem is defined as a community of lifeforms in concurrence with non-living components, interacting with each other." What is an Ecosystem? An ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of ecology where the living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment. In other words, an ecosystem is a chain of interactions between organisms and their environment. The term “Ecosystem” was first coined by A.G.Tansley, an English botanist, in 1935. Structure of the Ecosystem The structure of an ecosystem is characterised by the organisation of both biotic and abiotic components. This Includes the distribution of energy in our environment. It also includes the climatic conditions prevailing in that particular environment. The structure of an ecosystem can be split into two main components, namely:  Biotic Components  Abiotic Components The biotic and abiotic components are interrelated in an ecosystem. It is an open system where the energy and...

  Robert Koch stated that a specific disease is caused by a particular organism . He isolated anthrax from a diseased host and conducted experiments on it. He then formulated certain postulates that were based on the following four rules:  The microorganism must be identified only in the diseased individual and not in the healthy individual .  The microorganism should be isolated from the diseased individual and cultured .  The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced to a healthy individual.  The microbe should be isolated again from the experimental host and should be identical to the original organism .

Part 1  Disease Triangle The disease triangle is a conceptual model that shows the interactions between the environment, the host and an infectious (or abiotic) agent. This model can be used to predict epidemiological outcomes in plant health and public health, both in local and global communities. In the case of plant disease, certain conditions must be in place for a disease to occur. This is often simplified in a picture called the disease triangle (Figure 1). The disease triangle points out that three favorable conditions must coexist to cause a disease problem. These three conditions are the presence of a pathogen, a susceptible host (plant) and proper environmental conditions Pathogen There are several types of organisms that cause plant diseases. These include fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, mycoplasmas and spiroplasmas. These pathogens need to be present in the greenhouse in order to set the stage for a disease problem. Root disease pathogens can be introduced through ...

 Importance of nursery:- Establishment of nurseries is important for the following reasons:  Production of proposed size and age of seedlings.  Production of the desired number of seedlings.  Production of healthy plants of the desired spp.  Production of plants of superior quality.  Production of desired plants at the right time.  Production of seedlings at a cheaper cost. Infrastructure for Nursery:- Several factors are responsible for the selection of a suitable nursery site. Some important considerations are as follows:  Location A nursery must be located in a pollution-free environment — away from brick kilns, smoke-emitting industries and rough motorised roads as dirt and dust settle on plants, covering the foliage, which not only reduces the photosynthetic efficiency of plants but also gives them a dull look. It must be ensured that the nursery site gets adequate sunlight. However, care must be taken that the plants are protected against severe heat.  Topography of...

 NURSERY Introduction: Nursery is a place where planting material, such as seedlings, saplings, cuttings, etc., are raised, propagated and multiplied under favourable conditions for transplanting in prepared beds. The availability of quality and true-to-type planting material is the prerequisite of successful and remunerative ornamental crop production. Setting up of a nursery is a long-term venture, and requires planning and expertise. In a nursery, plants are nurtured by providing them with optimum growing conditions to ensure germination. Nursery saves considerable time for the raising of the next crop. Among flower crops, majority of the annuals are propagated by seeds and require a nursery for raising the seedlings. Herbaceous perennials need nurseries for sowing of seeds and planting of cuttings for rooting and establishment. Woody perennials are grown from seeds for multiplying the rootstocks from cuttings, layers and through grafts to perpetuate the same genetic properties....

 PLANNING PLANT NURSERY Planning involves both strategic and tactical thinking. Strategic planning addresses questions about why, what, when, and where.  Why start (or expand) a nursery?  What kind of nursery will best reach the goals? When and where will be best to perform certain tasks? A nursery is a web of interrelated factors. Each aspect of the nursery affects every other aspect. For example, consider the seemingly simple act of choosing what kind of containers to use for growing plants. Containers come in many sizes and shapes, but, hopefully, container selection will be based on which containers will yield the best plant size and type to meet needs on the out-planting sites. Container type will dictate what kinds of nursery layout and benches will be needed, what types of irrigation systems and growing media will be used, how seeds will be sown, and so on. Container type and size will also impact scheduling, fertilization practices, product costs, and so forth. Th...

 Planning Process: 4.1 Irrigation Infrastructure  4.1.1 Depending upon the production components of an integrated nursery units which comprises of mother plant garden, rootstock nurseries, poly tunnels, mist chambers, etc., different types of irrigation systems are required to be designed and installed.  These include :  a. Drip irrigation system for Mother Plants;  b. Manual watering with rose cans or micro sprinklers for root stock nursery beds and shade net areas;  c. Micro sprinkler for poly tunnels for vegetable nursery production where envisaged;  d. Water storage tank (masonry structure or HDPE tanks of 10000 L capacity)  e. A well laid out pipe line distribution system across the nursery unit to meet the above requirements.  4.2 Propagation Structures:  Propagation structures are necessary for ensuring better root growth, bud/graft union, hardening and higher success rate in plant multiplication. The specific requirements of plan...

 Introduction  In this topic, we will understand the meaning and principles of the international code of botanical nomenclature and the rules and recommendations associated with it The International Code of botanical nomenclature refers to the rules and recommendations associated with the scientific naming of formal names given to the plants. According to the ICBN, each taxonomic group of plants should have only one correct name, which is accepted worldwide. This ensures that the study and identification of those plants may become easier and more efficient.  The international botanical congress, supported by the international association for plant taxonomy, has the charge over ICBN. They have the power to change it according to the requirements. This botanical nomenclature is completely independent of bacteriological and zoological nomenclature. The ICBN includes cyanobacteria, fungi, oomycetes, moulds, chytrids, photosynthetic protists, and other plants. There are three ...

Rule 1: The ICBN suggests the series of ranks and names in the hierarchical categories. These ranks are designated in the descending order as Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. Rule 2: The second rule states that the names must be established concerning the nomenclature type. It is classified in a single specimen or the plants on one herbarium sheet. It is to be noted that the type specimen is of various types, including holotype, lectotype, neotype, Syntype, isotype, and paratype. Rule 3: This rule throws light on the fact that priority is given to the date of publication of the name. It also ensures that the name is legitimate and is approved and valid by the principal rules of the international code of botanical nomenclature. Rule 4: During the publishing of the name, it must be ensured that the name of the taxa meets the code requirements. It should be published in a recognized journal rather than a local magazine or newspaper. The name should have a Latin d...

  There are six principles of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. They are as follows: Botanical nomenclature is completely independent of bacteriological and zoological nomenclature. According to this principle, the code names the taxonomic groups that are treated as plants or those that belong to that taxonomy. It is not responsible for naming bacteria or any animal as they have separate codes for the purpose. The application of the names of the given taxonomic groups is determined via the type of nomenclature. The second principle explains that the nomenclature type relates to the meaning of a name. In a hypothetical situation, if there is any wondering what kind of plant is meant by the author by the name, it is advised to examine the type specimen. Thus, the name must be included as its type specimen, regardless of the situation. Note: There are various kinds of type specimens, but the ones with major importance are holotypes, neotypes, leukocytes, and epitopes. ...